Thomas Paine (1737–1809) was a renowned political activist, philosopher, and revolutionary thinker, best known for his influence during the American and French revolutions. Born in England, Paine’s early work, including Common Sense and The Rights of Man, challenged the monarchical status quo, advocating for independence, democracy, and human rights. His ideas fueled the American Revolution, and he gained prominence for his bold, accessible writing style, which brought Enlightenment ideals to the common citizen.

Throughout his life, Paine’s controversial works earned him both acclaim and adversity. His commitment to democratic ideals made him a symbol of freedom, though his religious critiques in The Age of Reason cost him the support of former allies and friends. Despite the backlash, Paine remains celebrated as a key figure in the movement toward secular governance and freedom of thought.